Learning to Represent Action Values as a Hypergraph on the Action Vertices

Action values are ubiquitous in reinforcement learning (RL) methods, with the sample complexity of such methods relying heavily on how fast a good estimator for action value can be learned. By viewing this problem through the lens of representation learning, good representations of both state and action can facilitate action-value estimation. While advances in deep learning have seamlessly driven progress in learning state representations, given the specificity of the notion of agency to RL, little attention has been paid to learning action representations. We conjecture that leveraging the combinatorial structure of multidimensional action spaces is a key ingredient for learning good representations of action. To test this, we set forth the action hypergraph networks framework—a class of functions for learning action representations in multidimensional discrete action spaces with a structural inductive bias. Using this framework we realise an agent class based on a combination with deep Q-networks, which we dub hypergraph Q-networks. We show the effectiveness of our approach on a myriad of domains: illustrative prediction problems under minimal confounding effects, Atari 2600 games, and discretised physical control benchmarks.